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anthony
14-04-2006, 05:25 PM
I think this article needs to be highlighed by Dr. Richard J. McNally, Professor of Psychology at Harvard University, because it really depicts what is happening with the assessment of PTSD today, and the misdiagnosis of PTSD coming from many psychiatrists. This coincides actually with a recent thread here from member Dubside on "is this PTSD (http://www.ptsdforum.org/thread96.html)?" PostTraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is supposed to be a disorder that is not curable, though today you here of people saying they have been cured. It is these cases in fact that I generally point out as "not actually being PTSD", and more misdiagnosis from the professional for a lesser illness. Where some people are being diagnosed with PTSD, they should in actual fact be diagnosed with PostTraumatic Stress (PTS), which is simply a name given to the after affect of an incident causing stress.

Doctors are waving their wands far to wide now with diagnosis. Its not a matter of what I perceive PTSD to be, but as Dr McNally outlines,
PTSD was conceptualized as an anxiety disorder that developed following exposure to terrifying, usually life-threatening events -- traumatic stressors lying outside the bounds of everyday experience. Canonical stressors included combat, rape, and confinement to a concentration camp.
What is now occuring though, is what I definately see as misdiagnosis, and even attempting to fake PTSD, just to be branded with it for medical or compensation purposes. Dr McNally goes on to further state:
But in recent years, we've witnessed a conceptual bracket creep in the definition of trauma whereby ordinary stressors are now deemed capable of producing PTSD. The disorder is now being diagnosed among people whose stressful events range from exposure to crude jokes in the workplace to giving birth to a healthy baby -- and much else in-between. Indeed, one study showed that nearly 90% of Americans qualify as trauma survivors -- as trauma is currently defined.
Dr McNally then states why this is a huge problem for the future of mental illness, society and practioners alike.
There are 3 reasons.

First, the broadening definition of trauma threatens to undermine any chance we might have of elucidating the psychobiological mechanisms that give rise to PTSD. A survivor of a fender bender is unlikely to have much in common with a survivor of the Holocaust.

Second, the more we broaden the concept of traumatic stressor, the less credibly we can assign causal significance to the stressor itself, and the more we must emphasize preexisting personal vulnerability factors. But shifting the causal burden away from the stressor undercuts the very rationale for having a diagnosis of PTSD in the first place.

Third, by viewing more and more of modern life through the lens of trauma, we may overmedicalize normal emotional responses to stressors and undermine human resilience in the face of adversity.
The assessment of PTSD certainly needs to be viewed in a more precise range that what some US doctors are currently performing. I know that Australia has an actual checklist with scale and range for PTSD diagnosis, and you basically have to be at the severe end to be diagnosed with PTSD, as anything less, you could in fact be cured with treatments such as medications, EMDR and regular counselling.

You can read the full article or watch the video presentation (http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/528984) by Dr McNally. You must register at the linked site, it is free though, I would just supply a junk email, as you will most likely be another candidate for email on all medical topics otherwise.

anthony
14-04-2006, 07:00 PM
The DSM-IV-TR (http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/ptsd.htm) (US latest edition superseding DSM-IV) states the following criteria for PTSD, which coincides with what Dr McNally was eluding, where professionals are determining their own broader spectrums outside of what the DSM-IV-TR clearly defines for the diagnosis of PTSD.
Diagnostic criteria for 309.81 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

A. The person has been exposed to a traumatic event in which both of the following were present:(1) the person experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event or events that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or others
(2) the person's response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror. Note: In children, this may be expressed instead by disorganized or agitated behavior
B. The traumatic event is persistently reexperienced in one (or more) of the following ways:(1) recurrent and intrusive distressing recollections of the event, including images, thoughts, or perceptions. Note: In young children, repetitive play may occur in which themes or aspects of the trauma are expressed.
(2) recurrent distressing dreams of the event. Note: In children, there may be frightening dreams without recognizable content.
(3) acting or feeling as if the traumatic event were recurring (includes a sense of reliving the experience, illusions (http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/path/illusion.htm), hallucinations (http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/hallucination.htm), and dissociative flashback (http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/flbk.htm) episodes, including those that occur on awakening or when intoxicated (http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/intoxication.htm)). Note: In young children, trauma-specific reenactment may occur.
(4) intense psychological distress at exposure to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event
(5) physiological reactivity on exposure to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event
C. Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma and numbing (http://behavenet.com/capsules/path/numbing.htm) of general responsiveness (not present before the trauma), as indicated by three (or more) of the following:(1) efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations associated with the trauma
(2) efforts to avoid activities, places, or people that arouse recollections of the trauma
(3) inability to recall an important aspect of the trauma
(4) markedly diminished interest or participation in significant activities
(5) feeling of detachment or estrangement from others
(6) restricted range of affect (http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/nrml/affect.htm) (e.g., unable to have loving feelings)
(7) sense of a foreshortened future (e.g., does not expect to have a career, marriage, children, or a normal life span)
D. Persistent symptoms (http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/symptoms.htm) of increased arousal (not present before the trauma), as indicated by two (or more) of the following:(1) difficulty falling or staying asleep
(2) irritability (http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/path/irritable.htm) or outbursts of anger
(3) difficulty concentrating
(4) hypervigilance (http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/path/hypervigilance.htm)
(5) exaggerated startle response (http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/nrml/startleresponse.htm)
E. Duration of the disturbance (symptoms in Criteria B, C, and D) is more than 1 month.

F. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

Specify if:

Acute: if duration of symptoms is less than 3 months
Chronic: if duration of symptoms is 3 months or more

Specify if:

With Delayed Onset: if onset of symptoms is at least 6 months after the stressor
If you take notice of this, you need to have from A. to F. and meet certain quantities of criteria within some of those to be diagnosed with PTSD. You then need to be assessed as either Acute or Chronic and then whether delayed onset has occured.

anthony
14-04-2006, 09:53 PM
Another article on PTSD definition expanding (http://www.foodconsumer.org/777/8/PTSD_definition_expanding.shtml).

However, the definition has been expanding to include any life-threatening disease; sexual abuse; violent crime; experiencing a hurricane, tornado, or fire, or being a political refugee.

Most people eventually recover from traumatic experiences. But some -- about 10 percent -- who experience a traumatic event will not recover but have repeated nightmares or scary thoughts about the experience.

With PTSD, the person "relives" the event and experiences great anxiety, is hyper-vigilant, startles easily and has difficulty concentrating. The recurring episodes can be so upsetting that a person avoids people or environments that tend to trigger them.

By definition, symptoms must last at least one month -- shorter episodes are designated as acute stress disorder.

Parents of children with cancer commonly suffer symptoms of post-traumatic stress, both during treatment and years after their children survive the disease, according to researchers at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.

I bolded above my analysis of this situation. Physicians are being confused, and misdiagnosing through this type of thinking, being "suffer symptoms off" and not actually suffer all required symptoms to be classified as PTSD. I have been reading alot today on different variations of how PTSD is inflicted, diagnosis and traumas associated with variations off PTSD, and everything points to physicians just using PTSD as a broad spectrum to give people a name, instead of actually saying, they have Posttraumatic stress, or acute anxiety disorder, or are merely depressed, and so forth, instead they have one or two symptoms, all of which are quite cureable, but label them with PTSD.

I think this actually does the person worse than anyone else, as they think they have something they don't. As anyone here who has PTSD knows, there is no mistaking PTSD when you have it, as it doesn't come close to symptoms alone of PTSD, instead you get hit by everything, and sometimes at once.

anthony
14-04-2006, 09:55 PM
I see much of this misdiagnosis like this; in that if you say you had PTSD and have been cured, then I think you where misdiagnosed, because PTSD is not curable, and that is a medical fact.